975 research outputs found
Instanton approach to the Langevin motion of a particle in a random potential
We develop an instanton approach to the non-equilibrium dynamics in
one-dimensional random environments. The long time behavior is controlled by
rare fluctuations of the disorder potential and, accordingly, by the tail of
the distribution function for the time a particle needs to propagate along the
system (the delay time). The proposed method allows us to find the tail of the
delay time distribution function and delay time moments, providing thus an
exact description of the long-time dynamics. We analyze arbitrary environments
covering different types of glassy dynamics: dynamics in a short-range random
field, creep, and Sinai's motion.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
A Modified Synchrotron Model for Knots in the M87 Jet
For explaining the broadband spectral shape of knots in the M87 jet from
radio through optical to X-ray, we propose a modified synchrotron model that
considers the integrated effect of particle injection from different
acceleration sources in the thin acceleration region. This results in two break
frequencies at two sides of which the spectral index of knots in the M87 jet
changes. We discuss the possible implications of these results for the physical
properties in the M87 jet. The observed flux of the knots in the M87 jet from
radio to X-ray can be satisfactorily explained by the model, and the predicted
spectra from ultraviolet to X-ray could be further tested by future
observations. The model implies that the knots D, E, F, A, B, and C1 are
unlikely to be the candidate for the TeV emission recently detected in M87.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
The WKB Approximation without Divergences
In this paper, the WKB approximation to the scattering problem is developed
without the divergences which usually appear at the classical turning points. A
detailed procedure of complexification is shown to generate results identical
to the usual WKB prescription but without the cumbersome connection formulas.Comment: 13 pages, TeX file, to appear in Int. J. Theor. Phy
Solar Physics - Plasma Physics Workshop
A summary of the proceedings of a conference whose purpose was to explore plasma physics problems which arise in the study of solar physics is provided. Sessions were concerned with specific questions including the following: (1) whether the solar plasma is thermal or non-themal; (2) what spectroscopic data is required; (3) what types of magnetic field structures exist; (4) whether magnetohydrodynamic instabilities occur; (5) whether resistive or non-magnetohydrodynamic instabilities occur; (6) what mechanisms of particle acceleration have been proposed; and (7) what information is available concerning shock waves. Very few questions were answered categorically but, for each question, there was discussion concerning the observational evidence, theoretical analyses, and existing or potential laboratory and numerical experiments
Noise storm continua: power estimates for electron acceleration
We use a generic stochastic acceleration formalism to examine the power
() input to nonthermal electrons that cause
noise storm continuum emission. The analytical approach includes the derivation
of the Green's function for a general second-order Fermi process, and its
application to obtain the particular solution for the nonthermal electron
distribution resulting from the acceleration of a Maxwellian source in the
corona. We compare with the power observed in noise
storm radiation. Using typical values for the various parameters, we find that
, yielding an efficiency
estimate in the range 10^{-10} \lsim \eta
\lsim 10^{-6} for this nonthermal acceleration/radiation process. These
results reflect the efficiency of the overall process, starting from electron
acceleration and culminating in the observed noise storm emission.Comment: Accepted for publication in Solar Physic
The X-ray Emissions from the M87 Jet: Diagnostics and Physical Interpretation
We reanalyze the deep Chandra observations of the M87 jet, first examined by
Wilson & Yang (2002). By employing an analysis chain that includes image
deconvolution, knots HST-1 and I are fully separated from adjacent emission. We
find slight but significant variations in the spectral shape, with values of
ranging from . We use VLA radio observations, as well
as HST imaging and polarimetry data, to examine the jet's broad-band spectrum
and inquire as to the nature of particle acceleration in the jet. As shown in
previous papers, a simple continuous injection model for synchrotron-emitting
knots, in which both the filling factor, , of regions within which
particles are accelerated and the energy spectrum of the injected particles are
constant, cannot account for the X-ray flux or spectrum. Instead, we propose
that is a function of position and energy and find that in the inner
jet, , and
in knots A and B, , where is the emitted photon energy and and is the
emitting electron energy. In this model, the index of the injected electron
energy spectrum () is at all locations in
the jet, as predicted by models of cosmic ray acceleration by ultrarelativistic
shocks. There is a strong correlation between the peaks of X-ray emission and
minima of optical percentage polarization, i.e., regions where the jet magnetic
field is not ordered. We suggest that the X-ray peaks coincide with shock waves
which accelerate the X-ray emitting electrons and cause changes in the
direction of the magnetic field; the polarization is thus small because of beam
averaging.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; 21 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables;
abstract shortened for astro-ph; Figures 1, 7 and 8 at reduced resolutio
Exploring wall shear stress spatiotemporal heterogeneity in coronary arteries combining correlation-based analysis and complex networks with computational hemodynamics
Atherosclerosis at the early stage in coronary arteries has been associated with low cycle-average wall shear stress magnitude. However, parallel to the identification of an established active role for low wall shear stress in the onset/progression of the atherosclerotic disease, a weak association between lesions localization and low/oscillatory wall shear stress has been observed. In the attempt to fully identify the wall shear stress phenotype triggering early atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, this exploratory study aims at enriching the characterization of wall shear stress emerging features combining correlation-based analysis and complex networks theory with computational hemodynamics. The final goal is the characterization of the spatiotemporal and topological heterogeneity of wall shear stress waveforms along the cardiac cycle. In detail, here time-histories of wall shear stress magnitude and wall shear stress projection along the main flow direction and orthogonal to it (a measure of wall shear stress multidirectionality) are analyzed in a representative dataset of 10 left anterior descending pig coronary artery computational hemodynamics models. Among the main findings, we report that the proposed analysis quantitatively demonstrates that the model-specific inlet flow-rate shapes wall shear stress time-histories. Moreover, it emerges that a combined effect of low wall shear stress magnitude and of the shape of the wall shear stress–based descriptors time-histories could trigger atherosclerosis at its earliest stage. The findings of this work suggest for new experiments to provide a clearer determination of the wall shear stress phenotype which is at the basis of the so-called arterial hemodynamic risk hypothesis in coronary arteries
Cosmological Production of Vector Bosons and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
The intensive cosmological creation of vector W, Z- bosons in the
cosmological model with the relative units is considered. Field theoretical
models are studied, which predict that the CMB radiation and the baryon matter
in the universe can be products of decay and annihilation processes of these
primordial bosons.Comment: 31 pages, 1 figur
Cohort-based T-SSIM Visual Computing for Radiation Therapy Prediction and Exploration
We describe a visual computing approach to radiation therapy (RT) planning,
based on spatial similarity within a patient cohort. In radiotherapy for head
and neck cancer treatment, dosage to organs at risk surrounding a tumor is a
large cause of treatment toxicity. Along with the availability of patient
repositories, this situation has lead to clinician interest in understanding
and predicting RT outcomes based on previously treated similar patients. To
enable this type of analysis, we introduce a novel topology-based spatial
similarity measure, T-SSIM, and a predictive algorithm based on this similarity
measure. We couple the algorithm with a visual steering interface that
intertwines visual encodings for the spatial data and statistical results,
including a novel parallel-marker encoding that is spatially aware. We report
quantitative results on a cohort of 165 patients, as well as a qualitative
evaluation with domain experts in radiation oncology, data management,
biostatistics, and medical imaging, who are collaborating remotely.Comment: IEEE VIS (SciVis) 201
Electrodynamics of balanced charges
In this work we modify the wave-corpuscle mechanics for elementary charges
introduced by us recently. This modification is designed to better describe
electromagnetic (EM) phenomena at atomic scales. It includes a modification of
the concept of the classical EM field and a new model for the elementary charge
which we call a balanced charge (b-charge). A b-charge does not interact with
itself electromagnetically, and every b-charge possesses its own elementary EM
field. The EM energy is naturally partitioned as the interaction energy between
pairs of different b-charges. We construct EM theory of b-charges (BEM) based
on a relativistic Lagrangian with the following properties: (i) b-charges
interact only through their elementary EM potentials and fields; (ii) the field
equations for the elementary EM fields are exactly the Maxwell equations with
proper currents; (iii) a free charge moves uniformly preserving up to the
Lorentz contraction its shape; (iv) the Newton equations with the Lorentz
forces hold approximately when charges are well separated and move with
non-relativistic velocities. The BEM theory can be characterized as
neoclassical one which covers the macroscopic as well as the atomic spatial
scales, it describes EM phenomena at atomic scale differently than the
classical EM theory. It yields in macroscopic regimes the Newton equations with
Lorentz forces for centers of well separated charges moving with
nonrelativistic velocities. Applied to atomic scales it yields a hydrogen atom
model with a frequency spectrum matching the same for the Schrodinger model
with any desired accuracy.Comment: Manuscript was edited to improve the exposition and to remove noticed
typo
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